A Comprehensive Guide To Centrifugal Pump Types

Centrifugal pumps are the most recommended pumps for various water supply systems. Whether you want to use them in your house or for commercial purposes, they can easily meet your requirements. These pumps are used in various industries due to their ability to efficiently pump large volumes of fluids. With the numerous types of centrifugal pumps available, choosing the right one for your application can be challenging. In this comprehensive guide, we will take a closer look at the different types of centrifugal pumps available, including their design, and applications.

Types of Centrifugal Pumps with Different Impeller Designs

Centrifugal pumps are integral to various industries, and their efficiency is greatly influenced by the design of the impeller

• Open impeller
  The open impeller design has vanes that are open on both sides. This configuration facilitates easier fluid passage and is particularly advantageous for handling fluids with high levels of solids or viscosity. The absence of a shroud around the impeller allows for efficient handling of viscous fluids. Hence, the open impeller design is suitable for applications such as wastewater treatment and handling slurries.
• Semi-open impeller
  This impeller design features vanes on one side while the other side remains open. This design is chosen when handling liquids with moderate solids content or less viscous fluids. A p offers the efficiency of the closed impeller and the solids-handling capabilities of the open impeller.
• Closed impeller
  These impeller designs have vanes entirely enclosed within a shroud. This design maximises hydraulic efficiency by minimising internal recirculation and fluid leakage. Closed impellers are widely used in applications where high efficiency and low Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) are critical, such as clean water pumping in industrial processes.

Types of Centrifugal Pumps Based On Their Flow

Centrifugal pumps come in various configurations tailored to specific hydraulic needs. One critical classification is based on the direction of fluid flow through the pump.

• Radial flow centrifugal pump
  These pumps are also known as centrifugal radial pumps. In these pumps, fluid enters the impeller and gets discharged with a vertical flow. This design is used when the fluid inflow is low, and you need to increase the discharge pressure. In this design, impeller blades are designed to impart radial velocity to the fluid. This results in a change in kinetic energy, converting it into pressure energy as the fluid moves towards the outer periphery of the impeller.
• Axial flow centrifugal pump
  In axial flow centrifugal pumps, the fluid flows parallel to the pump shaft. The impeller blades generate thrust by imparting axial velocity to the fluid. This design is highly efficient for applications requiring a substantial volume of fluid to be transported with a relatively small pressure head. Axial flow pumps are preferred in scenarios such as flood control, irrigation, and large-scale water circulation.
• Mixed flow centrifugal pump
  As the name suggests, mixed-flow pumps combine the characteristics of both radial and axial flow. This design results in a combination of high flow rates and moderate head capabilities. Mixed flow pumps are versatile and are used in water supply systems, cooling water circulation, and agricultural irrigation.

Types of Centrifugal Pumps Based on the Number of Stages

The classification of centrifugal pumps based on the number of stages is a key factor influencing their performance and application suitability.

• Single-stage centrifugal pump
  A single-stage centrifugal pump consists of only one impeller, and the entire pressure increase takes place in a single stage. These pumps are commonly used for applications where a moderate increase in fluid pressure is required. They offer simplicity in design and ease of maintenance suitable for various industries, including water supply, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
• Multi-stage centrifugal pump
  Multi-stage centrifugal pumps feature multiple impellers arranged in series within a single pump casing. Each impeller contributes to the overall pressure increase, resulting in higher pressure output compared to single-stage pumps. These pumps are preferred for applications demanding high head or significant pressure lift, such as boiler feed systems, desalination plants, and high-pressure industrial processes.

Types of Centrifugal Pumps Based on Pump Casing

The design of the pump casing plays a pivotal role in the structural integrity, maintenance, and efficiency of centrifugal pumps.

• Radial split casing pump
  In a radial split pump, the pump casing is divided along a radial plane perpendicular to the shaft. This design facilitates easy access to the impeller and other internal components for inspection, maintenance, and repairs. Radial split pumps are often favoured in applications where downtime must be minimised, and routine maintenance is a critical consideration.
• Axial split casing pump
  Axial split pumps have a casing split along an axial plane parallel to the shaft. This design allows for easy access to the impeller and bearings. Axial split centrifugal pumps are particularly well-suited for applications requiring large flow rates and high efficiency. They are extensively used in industries such as power generation, water supply, and irrigation.

Types of Centrifugal Pumps Based on Shaft Orientation

The orientation of the pump shaft is a crucial design aspect influencing the installation, efficiency, and maintenance of centrifugal pumps.

• Vertical shaft centrifugal pump
  In vertical shaft centrifugal pumps, the shaft is aligned vertically, and the impeller is submerged in the fluid. This design is particularly advantageous in applications having space constraints or specific operational requirements. Vertical shaft pumps are commonly used in sump pump applications, wastewater treatment, and industrial processes where a submersible pump configuration is advantageous.
• Horizontal shaft centrifugal pump
  In these pumps, the shaft is positioned horizontally, and the pump is installed above the fluid level. Horizontal shaft pumps are suitable for applications with moderate to high flow rates and can handle a broad range of fluids. This configuration is widely used across various industries due to its versatility and ease of maintenance. Their common application includes water supply systems, industrial processes, and HVAC systems.

Types of Centrifugal Pumps Based on Volute Design

There are three primary types of centrifugal pumps based on volute design. These volute designs are Single Volute, Double Volute, and Vaned Diffuser.

• Single volute
  In a single volute pump, the casing contains a single spiral-shaped channel for the fluid to exit the impeller. This design is relatively simple, cost-effective, and commonly used for pumps handling fluids with lower viscosity. Single-volute pumps are suitable for applications where moderate pressure is required, making them prevalent in water supply systems, irrigation, and HVAC systems.
• Double volute
  The double volute pump design features two parallel volute channels in the casing, symmetrically arranged on either side of the impeller. This configuration helps balance hydraulic forces and reduce radial loads on the shaft and bearings. Double volute pumps are advantageous for applications with higher pressure requirements and are commonly used in industrial processes and municipal water distribution.
• Vaned diffuser
  The vaned diffuser pump design incorporates a stationary set of vanes (diffusers) positioned downstream of the impeller. These vanes guide the fluid flow, converting kinetic energy into pressure energy more efficiently. Vaned diffuser pumps are preferred for their enhanced hydraulic efficiency. They are used in applications requiring higher heads, such as boiler feed systems and certain industrial processes.

Types of Centrifugal Pumps Based on Number of Suctions

Here is a closer look at varied suction and their impact on the pump’s performance, efficiency, and application suitability.

• Single Suction
  In a single suction pump, fluid is drawn in through a single inlet or suction eye on one side of the impeller. This design is common for smaller pumps and applications where a moderate flow rate is sufficient. Single suction pumps are widely used in various industries, including water supply, HVAC systems, and agricultural irrigation purposes.
• Double Suction
  The double suction pump design features two symmetrical suction eyes on either side of the impeller. This configuration allows the impeller to draw in fluid from both sides, resulting in a more balanced axial thrust. Double suction pumps are advantageous for applications requiring higher flow rates. They are commonly used in large-scale water supply systems, industrial processes, and cooling water circulation.

Applications of Different Types of Centrifugal Pumps

Here, we explore the industrial applications of different centrifugal pump types, showcasing their versatility and efficiency.

• Open impeller centrifugal pumps:
  • Wastewater treatment: Open impeller pumps excel in handling fluids with high solids content, making them ideal for transporting wastewater in treatment plants.
  • Slurry transport: Industries such as mining and dredging can benefit from the ability of open impeller pumps to efficiently handle abrasive slurries.
• Single-stage centrifugal pumps:
  • Water supply: Single-stage pumps are commonly used in municipal water supply systems for their efficiency in delivering moderate pressure and flow rates.
  • Chemical processing systems: Also used in chemical process industries for handling low-viscosity fluids.
• Axial flow centrifugal pumps:
  • Irrigation: Axial flow pumps are employed in large-scale agricultural irrigation systems. As they can efficiently move substantial volumes of water with low head requirements.
  • Flood control: In flood control scenarios, axial flow pumps are utilised to manage water levels in rivers and drainage systems.
• Multi-stage centrifugal pumps:
  • Boiler feed systems: Multi-stage pumps are crucial in supplying high-pressure water to boiler systems in power plants and industrial facilities.
  • Desalination: The high head capabilities of multi-stage pumps make them suitable for desalination plants, where pressure is vital for the osmotic process. They are also used in household Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems.
• Vertical shaft centrifugal pumps:
  • Sump pumping: Vertical shaft pumps are commonly used in sump pumping applications to efficiently lift fluids from lower elevations to higher discharge points.
  • Wastewater handling: Municipal and industrial wastewater treatment facilities benefit from the space-saving design of vertical shaft pumps.
• Double suction centrifugal pumps:
  • Water distribution: These are used in large-scale water supply systems to efficiently handle high flow rates and distribute water to vast networks.
  • Industrial processes: Industries with substantial fluid transfer requirements, such as petrochemical, pharmaceutical and manufacturing, leverage double suction pumps for enhanced efficiency.

How to Choose The Right Type of Centrifugal Pump

Here are some important factors to keep in mind when selecting the right type of centrifugal pump:

1. Flow rate: The flow rate is the amount of fluid that the pump can move in a given amount of time. It is essential to choose a pump that can handle the required flow rate for your specific application.
2. Head pressure: The head pressure is the amount of pressure that the pump can generate to move the fluid from one point to another. Choose a pump that can generate the required head pressure for your specific application.
3. Fluid viscosity: The viscosity of the fluid being pumped is an essential factor to consider when selecting a centrifugal pump. High-viscosity fluids require pumps with larger impellers and slower speeds. Analyse the type of fluid you need to move, using a centrifugal pump.
4. Pump material: Different materials are suitable for different types of fluids. Therefore, choose a pump that has been constructed using suitable materials that can withstand the fluid you will use.
5. Application: The specific application for which the centrifugal pump will be used is also an important factor to consider. Different applications require different types of centrifugal pumps with unique features and benefits. Analyse your requirements. Check the pump’s placement requirements, duration of operation, maintenance need, power consumption and other related aspects. If you are not sure, you can also talk to a pump expert to determine the type of pump you need.

Takeaway

Choosing the right type of centrifugal pump is crucial for the efficient operation of various industrial and commercial applications. When it comes to selecting a reliable and efficient centrifugal pump, Crompton pumps are an excellent choice. With high-grade electrical stamping CRNGO-M47, these pumps are designed for higher efficiency and are suitable for wide voltage operation.

Make the smart choice with Crompton for high-quality, efficient, and reliable centrifugal pumps.

FAQs on Different Types of Centrifugal Pumps

• What is the most common type of centrifugal pump in use?

  The most common type of centrifugal pump in use is the Single Stage Centrifugal Pump. It is commonly used for water supply systems, HVAC applications, and in scenarios where moderate pressure and flow rates are sufficient.

• Which centrifugal pump has the highest efficiency?

  Based on application & selection, centrifugal pumps generally offer high efficiency. As this pump has higher efficiency and is well-suited for applications requiring high head and efficient fluid transfer.

• Which pump has the highest flow rate?

  Centrifugal pumps with Axial Flow configurations have higher flow rates. These pumps efficiently move large volumes of fluid with relatively low head requirements. They are used in scenarios such as agricultural irrigation, flood control, and large-scale water circulation systems.

• What is a multistage pump?

  A multistage pump is a type of centrifugal pump that has two or more impellers arranged in series. It is commonly used in applications that require high pressure and low to medium flow rates.

• What is a self-priming pump?

  A self-priming pump is a type of centrifugal pump that has a built-in vacuum system that allows it to prime itself. It is commonly used in applications where the pump is above the fluid level and may contain air or gases.